Industrial Calculations: Feeder Loads -- Part 3
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Now it's time to use what we've learned in this column over the last several issues and calculate the service load for feeders No. 1 through No. 6 in our hypothetical industrial plant. See the April and May 2001 articles for amperage values of feeders No. 1 through No. 6. Refer to the Figure for a one-line diagram of the electrical equipment.
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When computing the load for an existing electrical system or when designing an entirely new system an important tool is a good, up-to-date line diagram of the system.
Calculate the service load in amps for each voltageRefer to the following Code sections when performing your calculations: Secs. 230-42(a)(1), 430-24, and 440-34.
Step 1: Calculate the amps of each feeder and the total load [Sec. 220-2(a)].
This involves adding up the individual loads each feeder must supply. Determine these loads by looking at specification sheets and estimating receptacle loads. From previous parts of this series, we have the following values:
Feeder No. 1 (277/480V)=684.65A
Feeder No. 2 (13.8kV)=27.875A
Feeder No. 3 (120/208V)=534.525A
Feeder No. 4 (277/480V)=15A
Feeder No. 5 (277/480V)=588.05A
Feeder No. 6 (2400/4160V)=405A
Total load=2255.1A
Feeder No. 2 (13.8kV)=27.875A
Feeder No. 3 (120/208V)=534.525A
Feeder No. 4 (277/480V)=15A
Feeder No. 5 (277/480V)=588.05A
Feeder No. 6 (2400/4160V)=405A
Total load=2255.1A
Step 2: Calculate kVA of feeders 1, 3, 5, and 6, based on supply voltage and load.
To do this, multiply the current by the voltage. Then, multiply that answer by the square root of three because this is a 3-phase system now you have your VA. Divide your answer by 1000 so you can express the value in kVA.
Feeder No. 1.
kVA=684.65A x 480V x 1.732/1000
kVA=569.19kVA
kVA=684.65A x 480V x 1.732/1000
kVA=569.19kVA
Feeder No. 3.
kVA=534.525A x 208V x 1.732/1000
kVA=192.57kVA
kVA=534.525A x 208V x 1.732/1000
kVA=192.57kVA
Feeder No. 5.
kVA=588.05A x 480V x 1.732/1000
kVA=488.88kVA
kVA=588.05A x 480V x 1.732/1000
kVA=488.88kVA
Feeder No. 6.
kVA=405A x 4160V x 1.732/1000
kVA=2918.07kVA
kVA=405A x 4160V x 1.732/1000
kVA=2918.07kVA
Step 3: Calculate amps of each feeder, based on supply voltage and load.
To do this, convert kVA to VA by multiplying your kVA values by 1000. Because it's 3-phase, next multiply your voltage by the square root of three. Divide your first answer by your second answer, and you have your current. Be sure to round decimals up, not down no matter how small the “extra” is.
Feeder No. 1.
I=kVA x 1000/(V x 1.732)
I=569.19kVA x 1000/(13,800V x 1.732)
I=23.82A
I=kVA x 1000/(V x 1.732)
I=569.19kVA x 1000/(13,800V x 1.732)
I=23.82A
Feeder No. 2.
Amps at 13,800V=27.88A
Amps at 13,800V=27.88A
Feeder No. 3.
I=kVA x 1000/(V x 1.732)
I=192.57kVA x 1000/(13,800V x 1.732)
I=8.06A
I=kVA x 1000/(V x 1.732)
I=192.57kVA x 1000/(13,800V x 1.732)
I=8.06A
Feeder No. 4.
Amps at 13,800V=15A
Amps at 13,800V=15A
Feeder No. 5.
I=kVA x 1000÷(V x 1.732)
I=488.88kVA x 1000/(13,800V x 1.732)
I=20.46A
I=kVA x 1000÷(V x 1.732)
I=488.88kVA x 1000/(13,800V x 1.732)
I=20.46A
Feeder No. 6.
I=kVA x 1000/(V x 1.732)
I=2918.07kVA x 1000/(13,800V x 1.732)
I=122.09A
I=kVA x 1000/(V x 1.732)
I=2918.07kVA x 1000/(13,800V x 1.732)
I=122.09A
Solution: Summing the individual amps for each feeder yields a total amperage of 217.31A.
Step 4: Determine which 90°C MV conductors to use.
Current of 217.31A at 13.8kV requires No. 4 cu., per Table 310-77. Note, we are not using Table 310-16 because we are dealing with MV.
Size the transformer to supply the service equipment loadsSelect the transformer based on the available standard size, the amount of loading you want on the transformer (for example, 60% to 80%), planned additional load, and other engineering factors. In our example, let's assume this facility plans for a load decrease in the future, and you are going to load your transformer close to 100%. Such a scenario can happen when a company retools for more efficient production processes or changes its focus entirely.
Step 1: Find kVA.
kVA=I x kV x 1.732
kVA=217.31A x 13.8kV x 1.732
kVA=5194.06kVA
kVA=I x kV x 1.732
kVA=217.31A x 13.8kV x 1.732
kVA=5194.06kVA
Step 2: Select the transformer. Based on the Code, you need a transformer bank that can handle 5194.06kVA at 13.8kV.
What is the full load current (FLC) of the transformer?You'll need this information to size your main switch and breaker, as well as calculate your fault current.
FLC=kVA x 1000/(V x 1.732)
FLC=5194.06kVA x 1000/(13,800V x 1.732)
FLC=217.31A
FLC=5194.06kVA x 1000/(13,800V x 1.732)
FLC=217.31A
Solution: The FLC of the transformer is 217.31A.
What is the available fault-current (AFC) at the terminals of the transformer?You'll need this information to determine your overcurrent protection coordination, as well as order the right transformer. This transformer has a 2% impedance. Don't confuse this with your system impedance, which is a different quantity. We normally express system impedance in ohms. If someone has already done a network analysis on your project, you may have a value shown as the admittance, expressed in units called siemens. To convert to ohms, invert the value ohms and siemens are reciprocals of each other.
AFC=FLA of transformer/Z
AFC=217.31A/.02
AFC=10,865.5A
AFC=217.31A/.02
AFC=10,865.5A
Solution: The AFC at the terminals of the transformer is 10,865.5A.
Sizing elements of each feederBefore you can order switchgear, you need to determine what size breakers you will need for each feeder. You also need to determine conductor ampacities. Remember, you must select conductors rated for MV application.
Feeder No. 1. (684.65A)The OCPD for the panelboard will be 700A. Why would the breaker not be smaller than 684.65A? Remember, you are sizing your breaker for the load the circuit must handle. Size your conductor large enough to handle the current the breaker will allow. If you remember that the breaker defines the circuit, you will find it easy to keep this straight. Use three No. 4/0 THWN cu. conductors per phase (parallel conductors) for the panelboard, based on Table 310-77.
Feeder No. 2 (27.875A)The OCPD for the switchgear will be 30A (based on calculated load) or 50A (based on conductors). As shown in the April issue, the conductors for the switchgear will be three No. 6 cu. conductors per phase (parallel conductors) based on Table 310-77, which shows No. 6 to be the minimum size for 5001V to 35kV.
Feeder No. 3 (534.525A)The OCPD for the primary of the 208/120V transformer will be 50A. This transformer has a 15:1 winding ratio, and 1/15 of the secondary current is 35.5A. Table 310-77 requires No. 6 cu. conductors for the primary of the transformer. If you were sizing the conductors on the secondary side of this transformer, you would refer to Table 310-16 (because of the voltage level).
Feeder No. 4 (15A)The OCPD for the future load will be 15A. Conductors for the future load will be No. 6 cu., based on Table 310-77.
Feeder No. 5 (588.05A)The OCPD for the secondary connection will be 600A. In May, we decided to use three No. 3/0 THWN cu. conductors per phase (parallel conductors), based on Table 310-16.
Feeder No. 6 (405A)The total load for the feeder is 405A. The OCPD for the secondary connection will also be 405A. You could pull two 4/0 THWN cu. conductors in parallel to supply this load, per Table 310-16.
Lessons learnedAlways develop a one-line diagram when calculating feeder loads. This will help you clearly see the distribution system and avoid calculation errors. If you are using engineering software or even a spreadsheet to do your calculations, this step will help you avoid the “garbage in/garbage out” problem. You must work methodically, first determining your loads and then determining what size transformers you need to supply them. Size your overcurrent protection so you can run your loads, and size your conductors large enough to handle the current load demand.
We have two platform bird feeder plans for you to build. One is a fairly simple design, the other a little more complex with added perches.
The first one is a very simple plan for a large (two feet square) platform bird feeder.
We have had such good results from using screening material for the substrate of our hopper birdfeeder design, we also built a platform feeder using the same screen for the platform base.
The screen material allows the bird seed, chaff and bird droppings to dry quickly after rain or snow.
It also allows for easy cleaning by simply thumping the screen from below and blowing away the chaff when necessary.
Materials List for Platform Bird Feeder
Lumber
- 2 - 1X2s - 8 feet long (1 x 2 is really ¾ X 1½)
- Post 1- 4X4 - 4-8 feet long (4X4 is really 3½ X 3½) (a 2x4 could also be used for the post)
Cuts made from the 1 X 8s
- 4 platform frame pieces 24 inches long each
- 2 platform support pieces 24 inches long each
- 2 post attachment pieces 6½ inches long each
Screen Material
- Screen material; 28 X 28 inches (enough to cover 24 X 25½ tray with some overlap)
Hardware
- Staples (For staple gun or small fence staples
- Wood Screws (1¼ inch - Phillips head)
- Wood glue
- 4 bolts, with nuts and washers are optional but make for a stronger attachment to the post
Tools Needed
- Pencil
- Ruler or Tape measure and straight edge, square or speed square
- Saw (hand saw, power circular saw or chop saw)
- Phillips Screw Driver or power driver with Phillips bit
- Crescent wrench (to tighten nuts if bolts used instead of screws)
That's all you need to get started.
Directions for making cuts and building the Platform Bird Feeder
1. Mark and Cut 4 frame pieces and 2 support pieces (24 inches each).
2. Mark and Cut 2 pieces to attach the platform feeder to the post (6½ inches each).
3. Assemble the frame for the platform birdfeeder.
- Drill holes for screws to prevent wood from splitting
- Apply glue to surfaces to be attached
- Attach with screws (two side pieces will be attached inside of the top and bottom pieces making the frame 24 inches in one direction and 25½ inches the other direction).
4. Lay the screen material over the completed frame of the platform feeder.
- Cut the screen material and make sure to leave several inches overlap on each side.
- Fold the extra screen material several times for strength to hold the staples and pull the material tight around a corner and attach with staples.
Click For Larger Photo
5. Mark the frame and screen supports for attachment of post attachment pieces.
- The two frame and screen support pieces need to be set apart the width of the post (I used a 4X4, which was 3½ inches)
- The two post attachment pieces also need to be set 3½ inches apart and need to be centered on the frame support pieces to help balance the platform on the post
6. Attach the frame and screen supports to post attachment pieces.
- Attach with screws and glue or with bolts (bolts are much stronger for these small pieces of wood. Align them to the marks and drill holes for either the bolts or the screws (I used ¼ inch bolts where are larger than needed, but that's what I had on hand)
7. Attach support pieces to the Post and to the Platform Feeder
- Drill holes and attach to post with screws as shown
- Drill holes and attach the frame and screen support pieces to the platform frame with screws
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The completed platform bird feeder can be seen in the photo below.
You may have noticed that the wooden 4x4 post is attached to one of the wire fence T-posts with 'zip ties' or cable ties.
This is so we can test several places before deciding where to permanently fix the post and feeder.
Zip ties will last at least a year exposed to the sun before they deteriorate.
So if you use this idea, you will need to inspect and replace zip ties as needed or your feeder may fall over.
Click For Larger Photo
Platform Bird Feeder Plans - Style 2*
Below are platform bird feeder plans from Bird Watching Bliss visitor, Ken Ablett of Chesapeake, Virginia.
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He says:
'I have been using a platform feeder of my design for years. It is unlike any other I have ever seen. I would like to share it with others who enjoy back yard birds.' Thanks Ken!
*Note that this design does not have a mesh bottom to allow for drainage so be sure to clean often and exchange the seed if it becomes wet (more of an issue in rainy, humid climates).
Otherwise you may have problems with mold which is not good for the birds.
We would recommend altering this plan to have a mesh screen for easier cleaning. You should also spray down the top to keep it clean, especially if bird feces accumulates.
MATERIALS
- 1 - 7' 4' x 4'
- 1 piece of stovepipe or PVC to fit over 4' x 4' as a squirrel guard.
- 3 - 8' 1'x 2'
- 4 - 3' 1/2' oak dowels
- 1 - 2' 2' x 2'
- 1 - 32' x 32' ½' plywood *
- 4 - shelf braces, long side 6' to brace platform
- 4 - shelf braces, long side 4' to brace high lander
- 24 - # 4 3/4' wood screws
- 24 - # 4 1/2' wood screws
- 8 - 3/4' brads
- quantity of 1-1/4' nails
- quantity of 1-1/2' finishing nails, thin
* Most any piece of leftover plywood can be substituted but I've found that a 2' x 2' piece is too small to accommodate multiple bird species at the same time and a 4' x 4' piece is awkwardly big.
MATERIALS PREP
From the 1' x 2' cut the pieces that will form the edges on the bottom of the platform.
2 @ 32 '2 @ 29 '
- From the 1' x 2' cut pieces that will be the low landers.
- 16 @ 8' drill 1/2' hole 1' down from top (suggest first drill ¼' pilot hole).
- Cut notches 4-1/2 ' to 5-3/4 ' down from top and 3/4' deep.
What I do is to mark the 8' piece at 8' intervals, then draw the centerline (3/4') to facilitate locating the drill holes and the segments to be notched.
I saw to the mid line at the top and bottom of the notches.
After the pieces are cut from the long piece, I use a chisel to pop out the notches.
- The notches should fit snugly over the 1'1/4 inches of the platform and edge pieces.
- Cut the 8 low lander dowels, each 8'
- Place braces at the edges of the marked box, then mark where the screw holes will go.
- With a nail, make indentation in the platform base to facilitate starting the screws to attach the shelf braces.
- Attach the shelf braces leaving just a little slack in the screw tightness to ensure that the four braces will fit snugly over the 4' x 4'
Low Lander/Perch support pieces
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On edge boards mark locations of where low lander uprights will be positioned later.
Make a mark 4' in from each corner.
The outside low lander uprights will be positioned there.
Each low lander is 8' long so that will leave 8' between the landers on each side.
Low Landers Preparation
Place 8' pieces of dowel in lander uprights. (Helps to sand leading edge a little.)
Low Landers Preparation
Place 8' pieces of dowel in lander uprights. (Helps to sand leading edge a little.)
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High Landers/Perches
For this step you already have shelf braces on the bottom side of the platform.
You can place the plywood base on a couple of TV trays with space between them for the attached shelf braces.
- Attach braces with 4' up on the base of the 2' x 2'
- Place 20' pieces of dowel in the two high holes and 12' pieces in the two low holes. Position dowels so that the slip-guard holes are vertical.
- Insert slip-guard nails into dowels on each side of 2 x 2.
- Center and attach high lander to base using scribed lines for reference.
- Attach platform to the 4' x 4' post. Tighten screws as needed.
- Slide the squirrel guard pipe up against the bottom of the platform and place a nail under the base of the pipe to hold it in position.
Low lander assembly
Place lander uprights in designated places.
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Attach through back of the upright notch to the base with using 1'1/2' thin nails. One nail into the ½' plywood and one nail into the 1' x 2' edge pieces.
Cut the 2' x 2' piece for the high lander at the 2' length.
Drill 1/4' pilot holes, then ½' holes as follows.
On one side 1-1/2' from top and 12-1/2' from bottom.
On facing side 3' from top and 11' from bottom.
This will give you high landers and mid landers on each side of the 2' x 2' upright.
High lander dowels
- 2 @ 20' each
- 2 @ 12' each
Drill very small hole for slip-guard nails at:
- 9-1/4' from each end of 20' dowels
- 5-1/4'from each end of 12' dowels
When assembled, the slip-guard brads will keep the lander dowels from shifting position - and they will if not checked.
ASSEMBLY of Platform Bird Feeder
Place 4' x 4' post two feet into the ground a tamp dirt firmly around edges.
Suggest adding water to help settle the dirt.
Let ground dry and proceed when post is secure.
Place squirrel guard pipe over the post prior to adding the platform on top of the post.
On platform base (top side) mark mid points each side (16' in this case) and connect with pencil line.
From those center lines scribe lines 3/4' on each side of both lines. This will form a box 1-1/2' square where the 2' x 2' upright will be positioned.
On platform base (bottom side) mark mid points each side and connect with pencil line.
From those center lines scribe lines 1-3/4' on each side of both lines. This will form a box 3-1/2' square to fit on the 4' x 4' post.
Edge boards Abbyy finereader pro 12 1 14.
Ltf mobilerss 1 0 – google reader rss client. On platform base (bottom side) attach 32 sides and 29' ends, nailing from top side of platform.
Post connect box
On bottom side:
The shelf braces will be attached to the bottom of the platform and the 6' sides will fit down over the 4' x 4' when it is in the ground.
The shelf braces will be attached to the bottom of the platform and the 6' sides will fit down over the 4' x 4' when it is in the ground.
Ken says:
'On our feeder we get blue jays, cardinals, titmouse, nuthatch, chickadee, red headed woodpecker, downy woodpecker, doves, black birds, red-winged blackbirds, juncos, and an occasional sparrow. It is not unusual, in fact it is common, to have three different kinds on the feeder at the same time.'
Good luck building your feeder. We hope you attract as many birds as Ken has.
If you do use these platform bird feeder plans to build your feeder, be sure to come back and let us know about your results. Send pictures!
More Bird Feeder Plans:
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